How A High Speed Camera Works
Things to consider when buying a high-speed camera
Overview
Hither nosotros outline the top considerations for buying a high-speed camera. This represents the key information required to brand an initial informed determination. Check the technical specifications starting time, but naught replaces using the photographic camera itself. Before purchasing, schedule a demo to ensure that the camera works well for y'all: brand sure the camera is like shooting fish in a barrel to utilise, the specifications align with your specific application, and the results you are getting are exactly what you want to see. Every major high-speed camera distributor will allow you lot to "test drive" a photographic camera earlier purchasing.
Throughput
The single most important aspect to consider when purchasing a high-speed camera is the potential throughput which the camera can accomplish. You lot need to be sure the camera is capable of capturing the number of pixels you want, at the frame rate yous need.
Throughput is the directly relationship between the resolution and speed of the camera and can easily exist calculated by multiplying the maximum resolution by the maximum frame rate at that resolution.
Throughput is the most important factor when purchasing a high-speed camera, as applications require a combination of both resolution and frame charge per unit. In fact, by examining the growth in throughput of high-speed cameras, we are able to see the exponential technological growth of Moore'south law more than in whatever other single photographic camera specification.
Throughput is oftentimes compared to plumbing, with an increased pipe diameter representing a higher throughput. Simply as a wider pipeline tin can transport a greater volume of water from a reservoir, a higher throughput is capable of capturing more than pixels from the sensor.
Frame Charge per unit
Harold Eastward. Edgerton, Bullet through Apple, 1964
The applied science has existed for several decades to capture a single still photograph in very high resolution. It is lacing these high-resolution frames together sequentially which is important in high-speed video capture.
The frame rate of a high-speed camera truly differentiates it from other camera types, and is one of the essential elements used to summate throughput. The frame charge per unit used on a shot is rarely considered in isolation, but usually drives the need for a high-speed camera. Typically, a required frame rate is chosen and then the resolution is adjusted based around the bachelor options and the region of interest.
High frame rate cameras have go more than common in consumer-course electronics like mobile phones and consumer cameras, which provide frame rates of 120-240 fps at relatively low resolutions and with a rolling shutter. High-speed cameras are necessary for events that showtime around 500 frames per second and go upward to one,000,000 frames per second; just even at slower frame rates the consumer-class products may oft produce images which are unacceptable for the application.
Resolution
A camera's resolution represents the number of pixels available in the camera's sensor and determines the item of the epitome and the precision with which motion can be measured.
Resolution can be conveyed in a few unlike fashions, including a width 10 height measurement in megapixels (millions of pixels) or by utilise of a common resolution standard. In this fashion, 1080p, 1920 ten 1080 and 2.1 MP each represent of the aforementioned number of pixels and are equivalent to what is bachelor in virtually monitors and TVs. Starting with a college resolution image allows you to digitally zoom in on an surface area of interest and presents a much wider choice of potential aspect ratio.
More than Pixels = More Versatility
Comparison two cameras of equal throughput only different resolutions can frequently exist difficult; withal, information technology can universally be stated that the college resolution camera ALWAYS offers greater versatility.
As stated higher up, the resolution is directly linked to the frame rate of the photographic camera, but the simply stock-still values are the number of pixels transferred and the number of pixels on the epitome sensor. This means that every bit long as you practise not exceed the horizontal and vertical resolution of the image sensor, your image can be a rectangle that is long and narrow, short and broad, square shaped, or anything in between.
Shutter Speed
Also known as "exposure time," shutter speed measures the length of time a camera shutter is open to expose the photographic camera's sensor to lite. Shutter speed is measured in fractions or multiples of a second and can be designated as an accented duration, a fractional value, or a multiplier (1x, 2x, 3x of the electric current frame period). Longer shutter speeds are required for depression-low-cal images, while shorter shutter speeds are required for fast-moving subjects to avoid move blur.
Shutter speed is especially important in applications which require very loftier frame rates and very niggling movement mistiness, such every bit ballistics testing. Oftentimes, recording at thousands of frames per second isn't enough to capture what you are looking for, equally yous also demand the image to be crisp and without motion blur. Sometimes you volition go a better paradigm capturing a scene at 500,000 fps with a 4x shutter than you would capturing a scene at 1,000,000 fps with a 1x shutter, equally the shutter duration of the 500,000 fps shot is half that of the 1,000,000 fps shot and the camera volition reach a higher resolution at 500,000 fps.
Imager
A rolling shutter is the typical method of capture for consumer-grade cameras offering slow move options. A rolling shutter doesn't capture the unabridged scene at once, but instead starts capturing at the top of the screen and scans down. This means that meaning distortion occurs when trying to capture very loftier-speed events. To avoid this effect, ensure that your camera makes use of a global shutter, capturing the entire image at the exact aforementioned time.
Many people volition desire a color loftier-speed camera for their video awarding over a blackness-and white monochrome imager. A color camera will generally produce prettier, more interesting pictures in a demo; withal, purchasing a color camera is often a fault for many applications.
Color sensors have multiple filters over the imager, including a Bayer filter to divide incoming low-cal into carmine, green and blue, an optical depression pass filter to remove any fake coloring, and an IR cutting filter to block non-visible light from inbound the sensor and tinting the image. All of these filters block light in some manner and are akin to wearing a pair of sunglasses indoors: you can still come across, but everything is darker and a niggling more blurred. In an industry where light is a precious resource, every bit counts.
A monochrome camera produces a brighter and crisper prototype, and nigh times what y'all are viewing is evident regardless of the presence or lack of color. In addition, movement assay software compares pixel intensity and relative location while totally ignoring pixel colour, so it has no effect on measurements fabricated. If your application is laser based, near-IR based, or low-light, a monochrome camera is a amend choice.
Light Sensitivity
Here are 2 identical images, the upper one, a RAW image file, and the lower i with applied digital proceeds. While the lower 1 is significantly lighter in advent, there are spots where significant discoloration is present. Frequently ISO camera values are given for images which contain artificial gain.
Several attributes affect the light sensitivity of the camera, but the full general rule of thumb is that a larger resolution sensor is less sensitive to calorie-free than a smaller resolution sensor, as each individual pixel is smaller in size and has fewer photons hit it at whatsoever given time.
The industry standard for camera low-cal sensitivity is the ISO value. ISO values were initially created for still pic cameras and accept not withal been updated for modern digital sensors. Every bit such, ISO camera values vary wildly between manufacturers and are based on subjective things like perceived image quality, noise present and gain added. Gain is an bogus method of boosting the light sensitivity of the paradigm while allowing for more than signal noise in the epitome. It can be added as either analog betoken gain or digital signal proceeds. In any photographic setting, the most crucial chemical element is calorie-free. The faster the shutter, the shorter the exposure time, the more light is needed. Running a camera at high speed reduces the exposure time, so loftier-speed video is notorious for requiring high illumination levels. Lights for high-speed cameras provide a not bad quantity of flicker-gratuitous and loftier-intensity illumination – recent advances in LED technology make some specific lights suitable. Bachelor illumination and calorie-free sensitivity are directly related, with the general dominion for high-speed photography being: you can never have too much light!
Because of all of the factors involved, the merely true way to compare light sensitivity of different cameras is to place them side-by-side, viewing the same event, with the same lens and the same lens iris setting.
Effect Duration
The many types of high-speed cameras available tin be broken down into 2 general categories: cameras that can offload the video at the same speed or faster than information technology is captured, and cameras that capture an entire event and must offload that outcome later. The category of photographic camera that you want depends upon the length of recording fourth dimension you demand. Long-record events and transient events necessitate different capture methods.
A transient event happens within a few seconds and is typically captured at several 1000 frames per second at a high frame charge per unit, resulting in several GB worth of RAW data. In this instance, to increase the issue duration you need a camera with as much temporary storage capacity (RAM) as possible. Transient events require cameras with extremely high throughput capabilities.
Round Buffer
Recording memory in a high-speed camera is constantly cycled, recording over itself until it is triggered. This means that while a camera may only save a few seconds total duration, information technology can be recording for hours waiting for the event to occur.
Long-record events typically take several minutes or hours at 100-300 fps and a moderate resolution. During these events the camera is unable to shop all of the video necessary and must offload it in existent time to a computer. This offloading speed is determined past the throughput adequacy of the ship medium instead of the capture potential of the camera. In this instance, the storage infinite on the recording computer is what affects the potential event duration and not the camera's memory.
Video Storage
Shooting high-speed video at loftier frame rates creates a not bad deal of information. You demand an acceptable amount of internal memory and boosted storage for offloading the images from the camera to permanent and/or portable non-volatile storage media. In add-on to storage infinite, another gene to consider is the affordability and speed of the transfer medium. Since some high-speed cameras are capable of recording bursts of up to 288 GB of video in just a few seconds, transfer speeds from the camera's temporary RAM into permanent storage are almost every bit important equally the medium itself. Typically, all high-speed cameras can exist connected to a computer via Ethernet and can offload the video that mode, only the transfer charge per unit may exist limited. Because of this, faster portable offload options are usually preferred. Several portable transfer options exist on the market, but currently none are ideal. The faster options are quite expensive and sacrifice image bit depth to offload the video quickly, while the slower options are more cost-effective but…well…slower.
Synchronization
High-speed cameras capture thousands of individual photographs in every second. These images are captured at perfectly even time intervals, simply those intervals are adamant past the camera. If 2 cameras are in employ simultaneously, for example in a iii-D experiment, they volition inevitably capture their images at slightly unlike times. For this reason, almost cameras can lock the timing of image capture to an external reference, called a sync source. Some cameras are more flexible than others, providing dissimilar modes of employ, the ability to follow varying speeds of external syncs, and even the power to be a sync source for other cameras.
Back up and Service
High-speed cameras are complex and expensive scientific devices requiring periodic updates, troubleshooting and support. Before purchasing, accept a wait at the resource and back up which the company provides. Download and run their software, ask a question on social media, or reach out to an engineer at the company with an industry-specific question. Visit the company's website and see what educational materials are available; content could exist video tutorials, tips and/or techniques, technical papers or specific information on a camera feature. The goal should exist to collaborate with the company outside of your direct sales contact. This volition give you a good sense of how like shooting fish in a barrel the company will be to piece of work with later the sale is made in example you e'er need replacement parts, additional service for your photographic camera, or need to perform an update.
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